• 목록
• 답변
• 글쓰기
• 게시판 리스트 옵션
  • 수정
  • 삭제

Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders

Many people with ADHD also have comorbid disorders such as major depressive disorder (Kessler and colleagues, 2006). Many patients are not responsive to depression medications and may be able to benefit from psychotherapy.

Medications that most effectively improve core symptoms of ADHD seem to boost and balance levels of certain brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. The stimulants methylphenidate and amphetamine are often prescribed.

Medicines

Adults are able to take many different medications to treat ADHD in children. However the dosages differ and the drugs can cause negative side effects that aren't common in children. A doctor will take into consideration the individual's medical history as well as family history and other health issues to determine which medicine is the best for him or her.

The most common ADHD medication is a stimulant. It works by altering the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. The stimulants like methylphenidate (also known as Adderall), and dextroamphetamine boost the supply of neurotransmitters, which help improve focus, reduce impulsivity and decrease aggression. They come in many forms such as chewable tablets, liquids and skin patches. Long-acting versions of these stimulants are more effective because they provide better patient compliance and longer lasting, smoother improvement of symptoms.

It is important to keep in mind that comorbidities like anxiety and depression can influence the response to ADHD medication. Therefore, it is recommended that these psychiatric issues be treated first before medication used as secondary measure. Some medications that are used to treat comorbid psychiatric disorders include atomoxetine and bupropion and tricyclic antidepressants (Wilens 2004).

Some patients might have an "rebound effect" in which their ADHD symptoms become worse after stopping stimulant medications. In these instances an experiment of a short duration with the use of a low dose stimulant medication could be beneficial.

Some people are unable tolerate stimulant medication or cannot take it because of addiction to drugs or other health issues such as severe hypertension or heart problems. In these instances, non-stimulant drugs like atomoxetine or viloxazine are effective. These drugs do not have the same amount of side effects as stimulants and have lower risks of abuse and diversion.

Psychotherapy

People suffering from ADHD can benefit from psychotherapy (talk therapy). It can help people with ADHD learn how to improve their lives, manage stress and anxiety, manage conflicts, or manage problems in their relationships or at work. It can also assist with people with mental disorders that coexist, like addiction and depression disorders.

Talk therapies include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and schema therapy. These treatments are based on the belief that one's beliefs and attitudes affect how they behave, think and feel. CBT helps people recognize negative behavior and thought patterns, and then formulates and implements positive strategies to alter these patterns. The use of meditation techniques in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to help people focus on their emotions and thoughts to control their impulses and improve executive functioning. Schema therapy, along with other forms of psychotherapy that focus on a person's family history could be beneficial for people suffering from ADHD.

In addition to medications psychotherapy can also help with the particular issues caused by ADHD problems, like having trouble staying on track with schoolwork, resolving conflicts, getting along with others, ignoring important dates or obligations as well as impulsive decisions that lead to financial or legal troubles. It can also assist a person explore and overcome issues that could contribute to their ADHD symptoms, such as anxiety or depression.

Psychotherapy can help a person find healthy coping skills and reduce stress, such as exercising, improving sleep and healthy eating habits. It can also offer support to a spouse or family member who is struggling with the effects of ADHD on their relationship. Therapy for families and marriage can help families and couples communicate better and learn how to manage ADHD symptoms together.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

CBT is a form of psychotherapy which focuses on changing the patterns of negative thinking of the client. It involves a dialog based on skill with an expert in mental health to address the underlying cause of symptoms. This therapy aims to assist clients overcome their limitations and develop coping strategies that are in line with their daily routines.

Therapists who specialize in adult ADHD-CBT instruct clients how to identify unhelpful thoughts and help them develop skills to replace them with more productive thoughts. This process can take a long time. It's a possibility for adults who do not get enough relief from their medication.

In a recent RCT that was conducted, it was discovered that cognitive behavioral therapy paired with medication is superior to cognitive behavior therapy alone in terms of improving the core symptoms, emotional symptom, self-esteem, and social functioning for adults with ADHD (Clarke and colleagues. 2017). The combination of CBT and methylphenidate is particularly effective for those who have more severe underlying issues.

The therapists that provide this type of treatment for adhd typically collaborate with the client to devise an action plan that is specific to solving their issues. They train them in a series of practical skills that are easy to master and have a good chance of success. Charts are typically utilized to track progress and to reward positive behavior. In the case of an infant, this could be a daily journal that lists all the in-school tasks or positive behaviors they must perform and a system for monitoring and gaining rewards. Therapists can also consider creating negative consequences if children fail to complete their tasks. This can be done in a very sensitive and supportive manner.

Metacognitive Therapy

A newer type of therapy, metacognitive therapy helps individuals change how they think. This kind of treatment can be beneficial for people who suffer from a variety of mental health issues such as depression. It is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that helps people recognize negative thoughts and their effects on their moods. This kind of therapy can also help them acquire psychological tools that are able and effective.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between metacognitive abilities and daily functioning in adults suffering from ADHD. To this end we compared the self- and informant-rated impairments in daily functioning with the indicators of metacognition (comprehensive knowledge and cognition regulation, debugging, management of information, and evaluation). The results indicated that comprehensive knowledge was linked to daily functioning among adults with ADHD, but not the processes that regulate. The predictive power of a model with predictors of metacognition was moderate, indicating that they could explain a significant amount of the variance in the daily functioning of adults with ADHD.

Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a psychotherapy that focuses on modifying metacognitive beliefs that are dysfunctional and perpetuate states of anxiety and rumination, as well as attention fixation. Adrian Wells developed MCT based on the model of information processing by Wells and Gerald Matthews. One case series has demonstrated the effectiveness of MCT in tackling anxiety disorder, however it's still relatively in its infancy and more research is needed to determine its effectiveness for other disorders.

This study was conceived for evaluating the effectiveness of MCT to alleviate symptoms of illness anxiety disorder. However it could be used to treat a variety disorders and is more effective than any other treatment. It is important to keep in mind that this is not a cure for ADHD however it can be utilized as an adjunctive therapy.

Family Therapy

In family therapy the therapist works with the whole family. This allows all members to be aware of the issues facing the client and learn how to support their loved ones better. It also helps them cope with their frustrations and build more effective communication skills. This type of counseling could also be used to address the underlying conditions, like addiction and depression, which are often seen with ADHD.

The therapist will commence with an intake session to gain an understanding of the family's view of the problem and evaluate their ability to intervene with the family. The session can be conducted in person or online. The therapist will discuss the nature of treatment with each person and spell out the do's and don'ts of family therapy.

A therapist with experience treating adults with ADHD asks lots of questions to gain insight into the current symptoms as well as their history and the impact that they have on their work, family, and relationships. They will also ask if any other mental issues are present, such anxiety or depression.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an organized form of counseling that teaches you how to change your negative thinking patterns and manage your behavior. It focuses on improving self-esteem and self control by teaching you how to treat depression and adhd to cope with stress and anger. It is a short-term treatment that can be combined with other forms of psychotherapy.

Individual therapy can help people with ADHD to manage the emotional baggage that comes from failure and underachievement. It can also help them deal with conflicts in relationships, job changes, and academic difficulties. It can help you learn coping and stress reduction techniques and help you manage your time and money more effectively. It can also address problems that are comorbid, such as mood and anxiety disorders, which are often seen as a result of ADHD.